Introduction: In developing countries, hemorrhage accounts for 30% of the maternal deaths. Postpartum hemorrhage has been defined as blood loss of around 500 ml or more, after completing the third phase of labor. Most cases of postpartum hemorrhage occur during the first hour after birth. The most common reason for bleeding in the early hours after childbirth is uterine atony. Bleeding during delivery is usually a visual estimate that is measured by the midwife. It has a high error rate. However, studies have shown that the use of a standard can improve the estimation. The aim of the research is to compare the estimation of postpartum hemorrhage using the weighting method and the National Guideline for postpartum hemorrhage estimation.Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 112 females in the Omolbanin Maternity Department of Mashhad, for a six‑month period, from November 2012 to May 2013. The accessible method was used for sampling. The data collection tools were case selection, observation and interview forms. For postpartum hemorrhage estimation, after the third section of labor was complete, the quantity of bleeding was estimated in the first and second hours after delivery, by the midwife in charge, using the National Guideline for vaginal delivery, provided by the Maternal Health Office. Also, after visual estimation by using the National Guideline, the sheets under parturient in first and second hours after delivery were exchanged and weighted. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the t‑test.Results: According to the results, a significant difference was found between the estimated blood loss based on the weighting methods and that using the National Guideline (weighting method 62.68±16.858 cc vs. National Guideline 45.31±13.484 cc in the first hour after delivery) (P=0.000) and (weighting method 41.26±10.518 vs. National Guideline 30.24±8.439 in second hour after delivery) (P=0.000).Conclusions: Natural child birth education by using the National Guideline can increase the accuracy of estimated blood loss. Therefore, training the personnel to use this guideline is recommended. However, It has less accuracy than ‘sheet weighing’. Consequently, usage of symptoms and the weighing method is recommended in cases of postpartum bleeding.

Background: Postpartum hemorrhage is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality that is preventive by appropriate estimation of blood loss and its treatment.This study was undertaken to evaluate the accuracy of visual estimation of postpartum hemorrhage by clinicians and co worker who work in the obstetrics department.Methods: In this descriptive observational study, 199 educational/clinical personnel participated who worked in the obstetrics department of 3 training hospital in Mashhad in 2010. First characteristic of their occupation, educational and period of work experience recorded. Then scenes similar of postpartum hemorrhage were rebuilt by using of expired whole blood in five different volume (500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000 cc). Participants looked each scenes and estimated volume and necessary treatment and record in forms. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 12 and fisher and student tests and relation between accurate volume of hemorrhage and estimated volume and treatment, occupation and experience of participants were determined.Results: Accuracy visual estimation of blood loss in different volume of postpartum hemorrhage was between 14.3% to 52%. There was no significant association between the position of the participants and accuracy of their estimation and proposed treatments. There was no association between the staffs’ work experience and accuracy of their estimation.Conclusion: Visual estimation of blood loss was not accurate in the majority of participants. For prevention of maternal morbidity and mortality education is necessary that to be skilled for accurate estimation of blood loss.

In this article, an attempt has been made to estimate the amount of sound transmission loss in a flat oval channel by applying the approach of statistical energy analysis. Correct estimation of sound transmission loss in an air conditioning channel is of great importance due to the harmful effects of noise pollution in the environment on human health. Simulation with the statistical energy analysis method is a powerful approach to estimate sound and vibration in problems in which we deal with complex and multi-part systems; is considered. In this method, first, a system is divided into several subsystems, and then by writing a matrix equation that includes the energy exchanges between subsystems and energy loss coefficients; It is investigated from the perspective of vibration and sound estimation.On average, the model presented in this research is able to estimate the sound transmission loss in different dimensions of the air conditioning channels according to the experimental results in the accuracy range of ± 2.5 dB. Considering that it seems that the results obtained from modeling with this method are in good agreement with the experimental data; The results of this research can be used as an efficient approach to estimate noise in oval shaped channels stretched in different lengths.

Gastrointestinal bleeding is a common problem and yet sometimes difficult to manage. It could be occult or overt, and may start in any part of the gut. The source of bleeding could be in upper (UGIB) or lower (LGIB) or less likely the small bowel (MGIB); which can become obscure and difficult to find the source. In the past few decades, many drugs has become available for acid suppression and thus prevention of bleeding and at the same time patient especially the elders use ulcerogenic drugs such as analgesics, NSAIDs, SSRIs and different anticoagulants for their accompanying illness which makes the treatment decisions precarious. Most bleeders stop spontaneously and only 15% need urgent resuscitation and intensive treatment of these only 5% need surgical intervention; which are usually the aged with severe comorbidties.

This study aimed to estimate the genetic parameters of body weight traits in Markhoz goats, using B-spline random regression models. The data used in this study included 19549 records collected during 29 years (1992-2021) in Markhoz goat Breeding Research Station, located in Sanandaj, Iran. The model used to analyze data included fixed effects (year of birth, sex, type of birth and age of dam) and random effects including direct additive genetic, maternal additive genetic, permanent environmental and maternal permanent environmental assuming homogeneous and heterogeneous residual variance during the time. Akaike (BIC) and Bayesian (BIC) information criteria were used to compare the models and bspq.4.4.4.4 was selected as the best model. The direct heritability values for birth, 3-month, 6-month, 9-month and 12-month weights were estimated to be 0.14, 0.16, 0.08, 0.28 and 0.26, respectively. Genetic correlation between body weights at birth and 3-month, birth and 6-month, birth and 9-month, birth and 12-month, 3-month and 6-month, 3-month and 9-month, 3-month and 12-month, 6-months and 9-month and 9-month and 12-month were 0.22, 0.38, 0.21, 0.56, -0.26, 0.30, 0.62, 0.86 and 0.77, respectively. The highest phenotypic correlation was between the weight of 9-month and 12-month (0.82) and the lowest correlation was between birth weight and 3-month and 6-month (0.12). The results showed that the 9-month weight is a good criterion for selection in Markhoz goats.